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A number of systemic diseases also affect the retina. These include ocular diseases, such as macular degeneration and glaucoma, the first and third most important causes of blindness in the developed world. Thus, because of its architecture-dictated by its function-both diseases of the eye, as well as diseases that affect the circulation and the brain can manifest themselves in the retina. Throughout the paper, aspects of image acquisition, image analysis, and clinical relevance are treated together considering their mutually interlinked relationships.įirst known image of human retina as drawn by Van Trigt in 1853. A separate section is devoted to 3-D analysis of OCT images, describing methods for segmentation and analysis of retinal layers, retinal vasculature, and 2-D/3-D detection of symptomatic exudate-associated derangements, as well as to OCT-based analysis of ONH morphology and shape. Special attention is given to quantitative techniques for analysis of fundus photographs with a focus on clinically relevant assessment of retinal vasculature, identification of retinal lesions, assessment of optic nerve head (ONH) shape, building retinal atlases, and to automated methods for population screening for retinal diseases. Methods for 2-D fundus imaging and techniques for 3-D optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging are reviewed.

Following a brief overview of the most prevalent causes of blindness in the industrialized world that includes age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the review is devoted to retinal imaging and image analysis methods and their clinical implications. While a number of other anatomical structures contribute to the process of vision, this review focuses on retinal imaging and image analysis. Many important eye diseases as well as systemic diseases manifest themselves in the retina.